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(historian Henri Brunschvig argues it was rare, but according to Jonathan E. Whether enslavement for debt or the sale of children by their families was common is disputed. The slave population increased by the custom of child abandonment (see also infanticide), and by the kidnapping or sale of small children. Arab slaves, however, usually obtained as captives, were generally ransomed off amongst nomad tribes. Native Arab slaves had also existed, a prime example being Zayd ibn Harithah, later to become Muhammad's adopted son. The minority were European and Caucasus slaves of foreign extraction, likely brought in by Arab caravaners (or the product of Bedouin captures) stretching back to biblical times. Slavery was widely practiced in pre-Islamic Arabia, as well as in the rest of the ancient and early medieval world.

The terms 'Arab slave trade' and 'Islamic slave trade' (and other similar terms) are invariably used to refer to this phenomenon. Scholars point to the various difficulties in studying this amorphous phenomenon which occurs over a large geographic region (between East Africa and the Near East), a lengthy period of history (from the seventh century to the present day), and which only received greater attention after the aboliton of the Atlantic slave trade. As of 2001, however, instances of modern slavery persisted in areas of the Sahel, and several 21st-century terroristic jihadist groups have attempted to use historic slavery in the Muslim world as a pretext for reviving slavery in the 21st century. In 1990 the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam declared that 'no one has the right to enslave' another human being. Mauritania became the last state to abolish slavery, in 1981. In the Persian Gulf, Saudi Arabia and Yemen abolished it in 1962, while Oman followed in 1970.

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Slavery in the Ottoman Empire was abolished in 1924 when the new Turkish Constitution disbanded the Imperial Harem and made the last concubines and eunuchs free citizens of the newly proclaimed republic. In the early 20th century, the authorities in Muslim states gradually outlawed and suppressed slavery, largely due to pressure exerted by Western nations such as Britain and France. The Ottoman slave trade came from raids into eastern and central Europe and the Caucasus, while slave traders from the Barbary Coast raided the Mediterranean coasts of Europe and as far afield as the British Isles and Iceland. The Arab slave trade was most active in West Asia, North Africa, and Southeast Africa, and rough estimates place the number of black Africans enslaved in the twelve centuries prior to the 20th century at between 4 million to 10 million.

Slavery in Islamic law does not have a racial foundation in principle, although this was not always the case in practise. Most slaves were imported from outside the Muslim world. Many rulers also used slaves in the military and administration to such an extent that slaves could seize power, as did the Mamluks. The use of slaves for hard physical labor early on in Muslim history led to several destructive slave revolts, the most notable being the Zanj Rebellion of 869–883, and led to the end of the practice. Slaves were widely employed in irrigation, mining, and animal husbandry, but most commonly as soldiers, guards, domestic workers, concubines (sex slaves).

Ratatat74 slave market manual#

Throughout Muslim history, slaves served in various social and economic roles, from powerful emirs to harshly treated manual laborers. However, Islam never banned the practice, and it persisted as an important institution in the Muslim world through to the modern era. As a general principle, Islam encouraged the manumission of Muslim slaves as a way of expiating sins, and many early converts to Islam, such as Bilal, were former slaves. The practices of keeping slaves in the Muslim world nevertheless developed in radically different ways in different Muslim states based on a range of social-political factors, as well as the more immediate economic and logistical considerations of the Arab slave trade. The history of slavery in the Muslim world began with institutions inherited from pre-Islamic Arabia.